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not honoured

Толкование Перевод

1 broken

['brəʊkən] 1.
participio passato break II
2.
aggettivo

1) (damaged) [ window] rotto, infranto; [fingernail, bone, tooth] rotto, spezzato; [ object] rotto, spaccato; [radio, machine] rotto, guasto

2) (interrupted) [ circle] interrotto, discontinuo; [ line] spezzato, interrotto, discontinuo; [ voice] rotto, interrotto

3) (irregular) [ coastline] frastagliato; [ ground] accidentato

4) (depressed) [ person] avvilito, abbattuto; [ spirit] afflitto

5) (not honoured) [ engagement] rotto; [ promise] mancato

6) (flawed) attrib. [ French] stentato; [ sentence] sconnesso

* * *
['brəukən]
adjective

1) (see break: a broken window; My watch is broken.)

2) (interrupted: broken sleep.) interrotto; agitato

3) (uneven: broken ground.) accidentato

4) ((of language) not fluent: He speaks broken English.) scorretto, sgrammaticato

5) (ruined: The children come from a broken home (= their parents are no longer living together).) disunito

•

- broken-hearted

* * *
['brəʊkən] 1.
participio passato break II
2.
aggettivo

1) (damaged) [ window] rotto, infranto; [fingernail, bone, tooth] rotto, spezzato; [ object] rotto, spaccato; [radio, machine] rotto, guasto

2) (interrupted) [ circle] interrotto, discontinuo; [ line] spezzato, interrotto, discontinuo; [ voice] rotto, interrotto

3) (irregular) [ coastline] frastagliato; [ ground] accidentato

4) (depressed) [ person] avvilito, abbattuto; [ spirit] afflitto

5) (not honoured) [ engagement] rotto; [ promise] mancato

6) (flawed) attrib. [ French] stentato; [ sentence] sconnesso

English-Italian dictionary > broken
2 broken

broken

A pp ⇒ break.

B adj

1 ( damaged) [glass, window] brisé ; [fingernail, tooth, bone, leg] cassé ; [bottle, chair, handle, hinge, toy] cassé ; [radio, washing machine] détraqué ; ‘do not use on broken skin’ ( of skin product) ‘ne pas utiliser en cas de plaies ouvertes’ ;

2 ( interrupted) [circle, line] brisé ; [voice] brisé ; a warm day with broken cloud un temps chaud, couvert avec éclaircies ;

3 ( irregular) [coastline] découpé ; [ground] accidenté ;

4 ( depressed) [man, woman] brisé ; [spirit] abattu ;

5 ( not honoured) [contract, engagement, promise, vow] rompu ; [appointment] manqué ;

6 ( flawed) ( épith) [French] mauvais (before n) ; [sentence] maladroit.

Big English-French dictionary > broken
3 broken

broken [ˈbrəʊkən]

1. verb

past participle of break

2. adjective

   a. ( = cracked, smashed) cassé

• pieces of broken glass des débris mpl de verre

   b. ( = fractured) cassé ; [bone, hand, foot] fracturé

• broken bones fractures fpl

   c. [machine, phone] détraqué

   d. [body, mind] brisé

• the scandal left him a broken man ce scandale l'a brisé

• to have a broken heart avoir le cœur brisé

   e. ( = interrupted) [sleep] interrompu ; [voice, line] brisé

• I've had several broken nights j'ai passé plusieurs mauvaises nuits

• broken cloud ciel m couvert avec des éclaircies

• to speak in broken English parler un mauvais anglais

   f. [promise, contract, engagement] rompu ; [appointment] manqué

   g. [marriage] brisé

• he comes from a broken home il vient d'un foyer désuni

3. compounds

► broken-down adjective [car] en panne ; [machine] détraqué

► broken-hearted adjective au cœur brisé

* * *
['brəʊkən] 1.
past participle break
2.
adjective

1) ( damaged) [glass, window] brisé; [fingernail, tooth, bone, leg] cassé; [bottle, chair, handle, toy] cassé; [radio, machine] détraqué

2) ( interrupted) [circle, line] brisé; [voice] brisé

3) ( irregular) [coastline] découpé; [ground] accidenté

4) ( depressed) [man, woman] brisé; [spirit] abattu

5) ( not honoured) [contract, engagement, promise] rompu

6) ( flawed) (épith) [French] mauvais (before n); [sentence] maladroit

English-French dictionary > broken
4 honour

1.
(Brit.)noun

1) no indef. art. (reputation) Ehre, die

do honour to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache zur Ehre gereichen (geh.); jemandem/einer Sache Ehre machen

2) (respect) Hochachtung, die

do somebody honour, do honour to somebody — jemandem Ehre erweisen; (show appreciation of) jemanden würdigen

in honour of somebody — jemandem zu Ehren

in honour of something — um etwas gebührend zu feiern

3) (privilege) Ehre, die

may I have the honour [of the next dance]? — darf ich [um den nächsten Tanz] bitten?

4) no art. (ethical quality) Ehre, die

he is a man of honour — er ist ein Ehrenmann od. Mann von Ehre

feel [in] honour bound to do something — sich moralisch verpflichtet fühlen, etwas zu tun

promise [up]on one's honour — sein Ehrenwort geben

5) (distinction) Auszeichnung, die; (title) Ehrentitel, der; in pl. (Univ.)

she gained honours in her exam, she passed [the exam] with honours — sie hat das Examen mit Auszeichnung bestanden

6) in pl.

do the honours — (coll.) (introduce guests) die Honneurs machen; (serve guests) den Gastgeber spielen

7) in title

your Honour — (Brit. Law) hohes Gericht; Euer Ehren

8) (person or thing that brings credit)

be an honour to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache Ehre machen
2. transitive verb
1) ehren; würdigen [Verdienste, besondere Eigenschaften]

be honoured as an artist — als Künstler Anerkennung finden

honour somebody with one's presence — (iron.) jemanden mit seiner Gegenwart beehren

2) (acknowledge) beachten [Vorschriften]; respektieren [Gebräuche, Rechte]

3) (fulfil) sich halten an (+ Akk.); (Commerc.) honorieren; begleichen [Rechnung, Schuld]

* * *
['onə] 1. noun
1) (respect for truth, honesty etc: a man of honour.) die Ehre

2) ((the keeping or increasing of) a person's, country's etc good reputation: We must fight for the honour of our country.) die Ehre

3) (fame; glory: He won honour on the field of battle.) das Ansehen

4) (respect: This ceremony is being held in honour of those who died in the war.) die Ehre

5) (something which a person feels to be a reason for pride etc: It is a great honour to be asked to address this meeting.) die Ehre

6) (a title, degree etc given to a person as a mark of respect for his services, work, ability etc: He has received many honours for his research into cancer.) die Ehrung

7) ((with capital: with His, Your etc) a title of respect used when talking to or about judges, mayors etc: My client wishes to plead guilty, Your Honour.) Titel der Richter
2. verb
1) (to show great respect to (a person, thing etc): We should honour the Queen.) ehren

2) (to do, say etc something which is a reason for pride, satisfaction etc to: Will you honour us with your presence at the meeting?) beehren

3) (to give (someone) a title, degree etc as a mark of respect for his ability etc: He was honoured for his work with the mentally handicapped.) ehren

4) (to fulfil (a promise etc): We'll honour our agreement.) erfüllen

•

- academic.ru/35477/honorary">honorary
- honourable
- honours
- in honour bound
- honour bound
- on one's honour
- word of honour
* * *

hon·our, AM hon·or

[ˈɒnəʳ, AM ˈɑ:nɚ]

I. n

1. no pl (honesty) Ehre f

I want to win so that \honour is satisfied ich will gewinnen, damit meine Ehre wiederhergestellt ist hum

the children were on their \honour to go to bed at ten o'clock die Kinder hatten versprochen, um zehn Uhr ins Bett zu gehen

one's word of \honour sein Ehrenwort nt

to be/feel [in] \honour bound to do sth es als seine Pflicht ansehen, etw zu tun

2. no pl (esteem)

as a mark of \honour als Zeichen der Ehre

in the place of \honour am Ehrenplatz

▪ in \honour of sb/sth zu Ehren einer Person/S. gen

3. usu sing (credit)

to be [or bring] [or do] an \honour to sb/sth jdm/etw Ehre machen

these women were an \honour to their country diese Frauen haben ihrem Land alle Ehre gemacht

4. (privilege) Ehre f

▪ to do sb the \honour of doing sth ( form or hum) jdm die Ehre erweisen, etw zu tun geh

she did me the \honour of allowing me to help her with the washing-up sie war so gnädig, mir zu gestatten, ihr beim Abwasch zu helfen iron

▪ to have the \honour of doing sth die Ehre haben, etw zu tun a. iron

5. (reputation) guter Ruf

to stake one's \honour on sth sein Ehrenwort für etw akk geben

6. (award) Auszeichnung f

7. no pl (competence)

to acquit oneself with \honour sich akk durch gute Leistungen auszeichnen

8. (title)

Her H\honour die vorsitzende Richterin

His H\honour der vorsitzende Richter

Your H\honour Euer Ehren

9. (in golf) Recht, den Golfball vom ersten Abschlag zu spielen

10. no pl ( dated: chastity)

to defend one's \honour ( dated) seine Ehre verteidigen

11.

▶ \honour bright BRIT ( dated) ehrlich

▶ on [or upon] my \honour bei meiner Ehre

▶ there's \honour among thieves ( prov) es gibt auch so etwas wie Ganovenehre

II. vt

1. ( form: respect)

▪ to \honour sb/sth jdn/etw in Ehren halten

to be [or feel] \honoured sich akk geehrt fühlen

2. (praise)

▪ to \honour sb/sth [with sth] jdn/etw [mit etw dat] ehren

3. (fulfil)

▪ to \honour sth order etw erfüllen

4. (grace)

to \honour sth with one's presence etw mit seiner Gegenwart beehren

5. FIN (accept)

▪ to \honour sth etw anerkennen und bezahlen; bill etw begleichen

* * *
(US) ['ɒnə(r)]
1. n

1) Ehre f

sense of honour — Ehrgefühl nt

he made it a point of honour — er betrachtete es als Ehrensache

he decided to make it a point of honour, never to... — er schwor sich (dat), nie zu...

there is honour among thieves — es gibt so etwas wie Ganovenehre

honour where honour is due —

on my honour! (old) — bei meiner Ehre (old)

I promise on my honour — ich gebe mein Ehrenwort

you're on your honour not to leave — Sie haben Ihr Ehrenwort gegeben, dass Sie bleiben

to put sb on his honour — jdm vertrauen

he's put me on my honour not to tell — ich habe ihm mein Ehrenwort gegeben, dass ich nichts sage

man of honour — Ehrenmann

to lose one's honour (old) — seine Ehre verlieren (old)

to do honour to sb (at funeral) — jdm die letzte Ehre erweisen; (action, thought etc) jdm zur Ehre gereichen

to do honour to sth — einer Sache (dat) Ehre machen

in honour of sb — zu Ehren von jdm, zu jds Ehren; of dead person in ehrendem Andenken an jdn

in honour of sth — zu Ehren von etw; of past thing

may I have the honour of accompanying you? (form) — ich bitte um die Ehre, Sie begleiten zu dürfen (geh)

may I have the honour (of the next dance)? (form) — darf ich (um den nächsten Tanz) bitten?

if you would do me the honour of accepting (form) — wenn Sie mir die Ehre erweisen würden anzunehmen (geh)

to whom do I have the honour of speaking? (form, hum) — mit wem habe ich die Ehre? (geh, hum)

he is honour bound to do it — es ist Ehrensache für ihn, das zu tun

2)

(= title) Your Honour — Hohes Gericht

His Honour — das Gericht

the case was up before His Honour, Sir Charles — der Fall wurde unter dem Vorsitz des vorsitzenden Richters Sir Charles verhandelt

3)

(= distinction, award) honours — Ehren pl, Auszeichnung(en) f(pl)

with full military honours —

New Year's Honour — Titelverleihung f am Neujahrstag

4)

to do the honours (inf) — die Honneurs machen; (on private occasions) den Gastgeber spielen

5) (UNIV)

honours (also honours degree) — akademischer Grad mit Prüfung im Spezialfach

to do or take honours in English — Englisch belegen, um den "Honours Degree" zu erwerben

to get first-class honours — das Examen mit Auszeichnung or "sehr gut" bestehen

6) (GOLF)

it's his honour — er hat die Ehre

7) (CARDS) eine der (beim Bridge) 5 bzw. (beim Whist) 4 höchsten Karten einer Farbe

the honours — die Honneurs pl

2. vt

1) person ehren

to honour sb with a title — jdm einen Titel verleihen

I would be honoured — es wäre mir eine Ehre

I should be ( deeply) honoured if you... —

we are honoured by your visit (also iro) — wir fühlen uns durch Ihren Besuch geehrt

he honoured us with his presence (also iro) — er beehrte uns mit seiner Gegenwart

it's Angelika, we ARE honoured (iro) —

would you honour me by dining with me tonight? — würden Sie mir die Ehre erweisen, heute Abend mit mir zu speisen? (geh)

2) cheque annehmen, einlösen; debt begleichen; bill of exchange respektieren; obligation nachkommen (+dat); commitment stehen zu; credit card anerkennen; pledge, promise halten, einlösen; agreement, contract sich halten an (+acc), erfüllen

* * *

honour, honourable, etc besonders Br für honor, honorable etc

honor, besonders Br honour [ˈɒnə; US ˈɑnər]

A v/t

1. ehren:

I’m honored oft iron ich fühle mich geehrt;

a performance honoring eine Vorstellung zu Ehren von (od gen)

2. ehren, auszeichnen:

honor sb with sth jemandem etwas verleihen

3. beehren ( with mit):

honor sb with one’s presence

4. zur Ehre gereichen (dat), Ehre machen (dat)

5. einer Einladung etc Folge leisten

6. honorieren, anerkennen

7. respektieren

8. WIRTSCH

a) einen Wechsel, Scheck honorieren, einlösen

b) eine Schuld bezahlen

c) einen Vertrag erfüllen

B s

1. Ehre f:

(sense of) honor Ehrgefühl n;

(there is) honor among thieves (es gibt so etwas wie) Ganovenehre;

feel (in) honor bound sich moralisch verpflichtet fühlen ( to do zu tun);

honor to whom honor is due Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt;

(up)on my honor!, Br umg honor bright! Ehrenwort!;

be (up)on one’s honor sein Ehrenwort gegeben haben ( to do zu tun);

do sb honor jemandem zur Ehre gereichen, jemandem Ehre machen;

do sb the honor of doing sth jemandem die Ehre erweisen, etwas zu tun;

I have the honor ich habe die Ehre (of doing, to do zu tun);

may I have the honor (of the next dance)? darf ich (um den nächsten Tanz) bitten?;

put sb on their honor jemanden bei seiner Ehre packen;

his honor it must be said that … zu seiner Ehre muss gesagt werden, dass …; → court A 10, debt 1, etc

2. Ehrung f, Ehre(n) f(pl):

a) Ehrerbietung f, Ehrenbezeigung f

b) Hochachtung f, Ehrfurcht f

c) Auszeichnung f, (Ehren)Titel m, Ehrenamt n, -zeichen n:

in honor of sb, sb’s honor zu jemandes Ehren, jemandem zu Ehren;

honors pl of war ehrenvoller Abzug;

have ( oder hold) sb in honor jemanden in Ehren halten;

pay sb the last ( oder funeral) honors jemandem die letzte Ehre erweisen

3. Ehre f (Jungfräulichkeit):

lose one’s honor die Ehre verlieren

4. Ehre f, Zierde f:

he is an honor to his school (parents) er ist eine Zierde seiner Schule (er macht seinen Eltern Ehre);

what an honor to my poor abode! oft iron welcher Glanz in meiner Hütte!

5. Golf: Ehre f (Berechtigung, den ersten Schlag auf einem Abschlag zu machen):

it is his honor er hat die Ehre

6. pl UNIV besondere Auszeichnung: → honors degree

7. Kartenspiel: Bild n

8. do the honors als Gastgeber(in) fungieren

9. JUR His Honor Judge Brown Richter Brown;

Your Honor hohes Gericht, Herr Vorsitzender

* * *
1.
(Brit.)noun

1) no indef. art. (reputation) Ehre, die

do honour to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache zur Ehre gereichen (geh.); jemandem/einer Sache Ehre machen

2) (respect) Hochachtung, die

do somebody honour, do honour to somebody — jemandem Ehre erweisen; (show appreciation of) jemanden würdigen

in honour of somebody — jemandem zu Ehren

in honour of something — um etwas gebührend zu feiern

3) (privilege) Ehre, die

may I have the honour [of the next dance]? — darf ich [um den nächsten Tanz] bitten?

4) no art. (ethical quality) Ehre, die

he is a man of honour — er ist ein Ehrenmann od. Mann von Ehre

feel [in] honour bound to do something — sich moralisch verpflichtet fühlen, etwas zu tun

promise [up]on one's honour — sein Ehrenwort geben

5) (distinction) Auszeichnung, die; (title) Ehrentitel, der; in pl. (Univ.)

she gained honours in her exam, she passed [the exam] with honours — sie hat das Examen mit Auszeichnung bestanden

6) in pl.

do the honours — (coll.) (introduce guests) die Honneurs machen; (serve guests) den Gastgeber spielen

7) in title

your Honour — (Brit. Law) hohes Gericht; Euer Ehren

8) (person or thing that brings credit)

be an honour to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache Ehre machen
2. transitive verb
1) ehren; würdigen [Verdienste, besondere Eigenschaften]

be honoured as an artist — als Künstler Anerkennung finden

honour somebody with one's presence — (iron.) jemanden mit seiner Gegenwart beehren

2) (acknowledge) beachten [Vorschriften]; respektieren [Gebräuche, Rechte]

3) (fulfil) sich halten an (+ Akk.); (Commerc.) honorieren; begleichen [Rechnung, Schuld]

* * *

(UK) n.

Ehre -n f. v.

beehren v.

ehren v.

English-german dictionary > honour
5 honor

= academic.ru/35474/honorable">honorable

* * *

hon·or

n AM see honour

hon·our, AM hon·or

[ˈɒnəʳ, AM ˈɑ:nɚ]

I. n

1. no pl (honesty) Ehre f

I want to win so that \honor is satisfied ich will gewinnen, damit meine Ehre wiederhergestellt ist hum

the children were on their \honor to go to bed at ten o'clock die Kinder hatten versprochen, um zehn Uhr ins Bett zu gehen

one's word of \honor sein Ehrenwort nt

to be/feel [in] \honor bound to do sth es als seine Pflicht ansehen, etw zu tun

2. no pl (esteem)

as a mark of \honor als Zeichen der Ehre

in the place of \honor am Ehrenplatz

▪ in \honor of sb/sth zu Ehren einer Person/S. gen

3. usu sing (credit)

to be [or bring] [or do] an \honor to sb/sth jdm/etw Ehre machen

these women were an \honor to their country diese Frauen haben ihrem Land alle Ehre gemacht

4. (privilege) Ehre f

▪ to do sb the \honor of doing sth ( form or hum) jdm die Ehre erweisen, etw zu tun geh

she did me the \honor of allowing me to help her with the washing-up sie war so gnädig, mir zu gestatten, ihr beim Abwasch zu helfen iron

▪ to have the \honor of doing sth die Ehre haben, etw zu tun a. iron

5. (reputation) guter Ruf

to stake one's \honor on sth sein Ehrenwort für etw akk geben

6. (award) Auszeichnung f

7. no pl (competence)

to acquit oneself with \honor sich akk durch gute Leistungen auszeichnen

8. (title)

Her H\honor die vorsitzende Richterin

His H\honor der vorsitzende Richter

Your H\honor Euer Ehren

9. (in golf) Recht, den Golfball vom ersten Abschlag zu spielen

10. no pl ( dated: chastity)

to defend one's \honor ( dated) seine Ehre verteidigen

11.

▶ \honor bright BRIT ( dated) ehrlich

▶ on [or upon] my \honor bei meiner Ehre

▶ there's \honor among thieves ( prov) es gibt auch so etwas wie Ganovenehre

II. vt

1. ( form: respect)

▪ to \honor sb/sth jdn/etw in Ehren halten

to be [or feel] \honored sich akk geehrt fühlen

2. (praise)

▪ to \honor sb/sth [with sth] jdn/etw [mit etw dat] ehren

3. (fulfil)

▪ to \honor sth order etw erfüllen

4. (grace)

to \honor sth with one's presence etw mit seiner Gegenwart beehren

5. FIN (accept)

▪ to \honor sth etw anerkennen und bezahlen; bill etw begleichen

* * *
(US) ['ɒnə(r)]
1. n

1) Ehre f

sense of honour — Ehrgefühl nt

he made it a point of honour — er betrachtete es als Ehrensache

he decided to make it a point of honour, never to... — er schwor sich (dat), nie zu...

there is honour among thieves — es gibt so etwas wie Ganovenehre

honour where honour is due —

on my honour! (old) — bei meiner Ehre (old)

I promise on my honour — ich gebe mein Ehrenwort

you're on your honour not to leave — Sie haben Ihr Ehrenwort gegeben, dass Sie bleiben

to put sb on his honour — jdm vertrauen

he's put me on my honour not to tell — ich habe ihm mein Ehrenwort gegeben, dass ich nichts sage

man of honour — Ehrenmann

to lose one's honour (old) — seine Ehre verlieren (old)

to do honour to sb (at funeral) — jdm die letzte Ehre erweisen; (action, thought etc) jdm zur Ehre gereichen

to do honour to sth — einer Sache (dat) Ehre machen

in honour of sb — zu Ehren von jdm, zu jds Ehren; of dead person in ehrendem Andenken an jdn

in honour of sth — zu Ehren von etw; of past thing

may I have the honour of accompanying you? (form) — ich bitte um die Ehre, Sie begleiten zu dürfen (geh)

may I have the honour (of the next dance)? (form) — darf ich (um den nächsten Tanz) bitten?

if you would do me the honour of accepting (form) — wenn Sie mir die Ehre erweisen würden anzunehmen (geh)

to whom do I have the honour of speaking? (form, hum) — mit wem habe ich die Ehre? (geh, hum)

he is honour bound to do it — es ist Ehrensache für ihn, das zu tun

2)

(= title) Your Honour — Hohes Gericht

His Honour — das Gericht

the case was up before His Honour, Sir Charles — der Fall wurde unter dem Vorsitz des vorsitzenden Richters Sir Charles verhandelt

3)

(= distinction, award) honours — Ehren pl, Auszeichnung(en) f(pl)

with full military honours —

New Year's Honour — Titelverleihung f am Neujahrstag

4)

to do the honours (inf) — die Honneurs machen; (on private occasions) den Gastgeber spielen

5) (UNIV)

honours (also honours degree) — akademischer Grad mit Prüfung im Spezialfach

to do or take honours in English — Englisch belegen, um den "Honours Degree" zu erwerben

to get first-class honours — das Examen mit Auszeichnung or "sehr gut" bestehen

6) (GOLF)

it's his honour — er hat die Ehre

7) (CARDS) eine der (beim Bridge) 5 bzw. (beim Whist) 4 höchsten Karten einer Farbe

the honours — die Honneurs pl

2. vt

1) person ehren

to honour sb with a title — jdm einen Titel verleihen

I would be honoured — es wäre mir eine Ehre

I should be ( deeply) honoured if you... —

we are honoured by your visit (also iro) — wir fühlen uns durch Ihren Besuch geehrt

he honoured us with his presence (also iro) — er beehrte uns mit seiner Gegenwart

it's Angelika, we ARE honoured (iro) —

would you honour me by dining with me tonight? — würden Sie mir die Ehre erweisen, heute Abend mit mir zu speisen? (geh)

2) cheque annehmen, einlösen; debt begleichen; bill of exchange respektieren; obligation nachkommen (+dat); commitment stehen zu; credit card anerkennen; pledge, promise halten, einlösen; agreement, contract sich halten an (+acc), erfüllen

* * *

honor, besonders Br honour [ˈɒnə; US ˈɑnər]

A v/t

1. ehren:

I’m honored oft iron ich fühle mich geehrt;

a performance honoring eine Vorstellung zu Ehren von (od gen)

2. ehren, auszeichnen:

honor sb with sth jemandem etwas verleihen

3. beehren ( with mit):

honor sb with one’s presence

4. zur Ehre gereichen (dat), Ehre machen (dat)

5. einer Einladung etc Folge leisten

6. honorieren, anerkennen

7. respektieren

8. WIRTSCH

a) einen Wechsel, Scheck honorieren, einlösen

b) eine Schuld bezahlen

c) einen Vertrag erfüllen

B s

1. Ehre f:

(sense of) honor Ehrgefühl n;

(there is) honor among thieves (es gibt so etwas wie) Ganovenehre;

feel (in) honor bound sich moralisch verpflichtet fühlen ( to do zu tun);

honor to whom honor is due Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt;

(up)on my honor!, Br umg honor bright! Ehrenwort!;

be (up)on one’s honor sein Ehrenwort gegeben haben ( to do zu tun);

do sb honor jemandem zur Ehre gereichen, jemandem Ehre machen;

do sb the honor of doing sth jemandem die Ehre erweisen, etwas zu tun;

I have the honor ich habe die Ehre (of doing, to do zu tun);

may I have the honor (of the next dance)? darf ich (um den nächsten Tanz) bitten?;

put sb on their honor jemanden bei seiner Ehre packen;

his honor it must be said that … zu seiner Ehre muss gesagt werden, dass …; → court A 10, debt 1, etc

2. Ehrung f, Ehre(n) f(pl):

a) Ehrerbietung f, Ehrenbezeigung f

b) Hochachtung f, Ehrfurcht f

c) Auszeichnung f, (Ehren)Titel m, Ehrenamt n, -zeichen n:

in honor of sb, sb’s honor zu jemandes Ehren, jemandem zu Ehren;

honors pl of war ehrenvoller Abzug;

have ( oder hold) sb in honor jemanden in Ehren halten;

pay sb the last ( oder funeral) honors jemandem die letzte Ehre erweisen

3. Ehre f (Jungfräulichkeit):

lose one’s honor die Ehre verlieren

4. Ehre f, Zierde f:

he is an honor to his school (parents) er ist eine Zierde seiner Schule (er macht seinen Eltern Ehre);

what an honor to my poor abode! oft iron welcher Glanz in meiner Hütte!

5. Golf: Ehre f (Berechtigung, den ersten Schlag auf einem Abschlag zu machen):

it is his honor er hat die Ehre

6. pl UNIV besondere Auszeichnung: → honors degree

7. Kartenspiel: Bild n

8. do the honors als Gastgeber(in) fungieren

9. JUR His Honor Judge Brown Richter Brown;

Your Honor hohes Gericht, Herr Vorsitzender

* * *

= honorable

* * *

(US) n.

Ehre -n f. v.

beehren v.

English-german dictionary > honor
6 honour

1. [ʹɒnə] n
1. 1) честь, честность

professional /business/ honour - профессиональная честь /этика/

on /upon/ my honour, word of honour - честное слово

to be on /upon/ one's honour, to pledge one's honour - дать честное слово, поклясться честью

we were on our honour not to cheat at the exam - мы дали честное слово не списывать на экзамене

to put smb. on his honour - заставить кого-л. дать честное слово; связать кого-л. словом; поверить кому-л. на слово

2) честь, благородство

a man of honour - благородный человек

soul of honour - воплощённое благородство; благороднейший человек

point of honour - вопрос чести

an affair of honour - дело чести ( поединок)

a debt of honour - долг чести

code [court] of honour - кодекс [суд] чести

to conduct oneself with honour - вести себя благородно, проявить благородство

to be bound in honour to do smth. - считать своим долгом сделать что-л., считать себя (морально) обязанным сделать что-л.

in honour - по чести, считая своим моральным долгом

I cannot in honour accept this money - я не могу, по совести, принять эти деньги

2. 1) честь, доброе имя, хорошая репутация

to defend one's honour - защищать свою честь /доброе имя/

to lose one's honour - потерять честь, обесчестить себя, покрыть себя бесчестием

to come out of an affair with honour - с честью выйти из положения

2) (женская) честь; целомудрие, добродетель, чистота

3. 1) почёт, почесть; уважение, почтение

guard of honour - почётный караул; караул почёта

place /seat/ of honour - почётное место

maid of honour - фрейлина (при королеве и т. п.)

peace with honour - почётный мир, мир на почётных условиях

in honour of smb., smth. - в честь кого-л., чего-л.; в знак уважения к кому-л., чему-л.; в память о ком-л., чём-л.

dinner [reception] in honour of smb. - обед [приём] в чью-л. честь

to have /to hold/ in honour - чтить

to give /to pay/ honour - а) оказывать уважение, свидетельствовать почтение; б) воздавать должное (героям и т. п.); оказывать почести; [см. тж. 5, 1)]

to show honour to one's parents - чтить родителей

I take your visit as a great honour - я считаю ваш визит большой честью для себя

honour lap - спорт. круг почёта

2) честь, слава

to win honour in battle - заслужить /стяжать/ боевую славу; добыть славу в бою

to be an honour to one's school [to one's family] - делать честь своей школе [своей семье]; быть гордостью своей школы [своей семьи]

honour roll - а) школ. список отличников; б) список погибших на войне или участников войны (на памятнике и т. п.)

Olympic Games honour rolls - а) почётный список участников Олимпийских игр; б) список победителей Олимпийских игр

4. 1) честь ( в формулах вежливости)

I have the honour to inform you - имею честь сообщить вам

to whom have I the honour of speaking? - с кем имею честь (говорить)?

may I have the honour? - окажите мне честь ( при приглашении на танец)

may I have the honour of your company at dinner?, will you do me the honour of dining with me? - разрешите (мне) пригласить вас на обед, окажите мне честь отобедать со мной

2) (Honour) честь ( титул)

Your Honour - ваша честь (в обращении к судье, мэру и т. п.)

5. pl

1) почести

military honours - воинские почести

the last /funeral/ honours - последние почести, погребальная церемония

to render /to give, to pay/ honours - оказывать /отдавать, воздавать/ почести

to receive smb. with full /all due/ honours - принять кого-л. со всеми (подобающими) почестями

honours and ceremonies - мор. отдание чести

honours of war - воен. почётные условия сдачи (сохранение оружия, знамён и т. п.)

2) (правительственные) награды; ордена

Birthday Honours - награждения ко дню рождения монарха ( в Великобритании)

to wear all one's honours - быть при всех орденах

honours list - список награждений

6. pl унив. отличие ( при сдаче экзаменов)

to pass with honours in history - выдержать экзамен по истории с отличием

honours degree - диплом с отличием

honour system - сдача наиболее способными студентами особых испытаний, дающая право на диплом с отличием ( в Великобритании) [см. тж. honour system]

honour course - дополнительные занятия и исследовательская работа, дающие право на диплом с отличием

7. pl карт. онёры ( старшие козырные карты)

8. уст. поклон, реверанс

♢ honour bright! - честное слово!

to do the honours of the house - принимать /занимать/ гостей; исполнять обязанности хозяина

to do the honours of the table - быть хозяином /хозяйкой/ за столом, угощать гостей; провозглашать тосты

all honour to him! - слава ему!; честь и хвала ему!

honour to whom /where/ honour is due - посл. ≅ по заслугам и честь; всякому своё

to meet due honour - фин. быть акцептованным /оплаченным/ ( о векселе)

for (the) honour (of) - фин. для спасения кредита (об акцептовании тратты, векселя)

it's my [your] honour - теперь моя [ваша] очередь ( гольф)
2. [ʹɒnə] v
1. почитать, чтить

I feel highly honoured - благодарю за честь, очень польщён

we are very much honoured by your company - вы оказали нам большую честь (своим присутствием)

honour thy father and thy mother - библ. чти отца своего и мать свою

I honour you for that - я уважаю вас за это; это делает вам честь в моих глазах

he was honoured at a banquet - его чествовали на банкете

2. (with) удостаивать

he honoured me with an invitation [with his confidence] - он удостоил меня приглашением [своим доверием]

the mayor was honoured with a title - мэру был пожалован титул

3. соблюдать ( условия); выполнять ( обязательства)

to honour one's commitments [a contract] - выполнять свои обязательства [контракт]

4. фин. акцептовать ( тратту); оплатить (тратту, чек)

НБАРС > honour
7 dust

{dʌst}
I. 1. прах
to throw DUST in someone's eyes прен. хвърлям прах в очите на някого
to shake the DUST off/from one's feet отърсвам праха от нозете си, прен. отивам си възмутен
2. смет, боклук
3. бот. прашец
4. поет. прах, тленни останки, смърт, гроб
honoured DUST тленни останки
in the DUST мъртъв
5. прах, пясък (от минерали, злато и пр.)
gold DUST златен прах
sl. пари
6. sl. пари
7. разг. бъркотия, шум (отевица)
to kick up/raise a DUST правя сцена/скандал, дигам гюрултия
to bite/lick the DUST падам убит/ранен (на бойното поле)
to lick the DUST унижавам се
DUST and ashes прен. прах и пепел
to be DUST and ashes to someone прен. мъртъв съм за някого
in the DUST and heat of battle в разгара на боя
II. 1. поръсвам, наръсвам (със захар, брашно и пр.)
2. напрашвам, посипвам с прах
3. бърша/избърсвам/изтупвам праха от
4. къпя се в праха (за птичка)
5. пръскам (растение с химикали), напудрям (се)

* * *

{d^st} n 1. прах; to throw dust in s.o.'s eyes прен. хвърлям прах в(2) {d^st} v 1. поръсвам, наръсвам (сьс захар, брашно и пр.); 2.

* * *

смет; поръсвам; прах; праша; прашец; бърша; пясък; пушилка; избърсвам; изтупвам; наръсвам; напрашавам;

* * *
1. dust and ashes прен. прах и пепел 2. gold dust златен прах 3. honoured dust тленни останки 4. i. прах 5. ii. поръсвам, наръсвам (със захар, брашно и пр.) 6. in the dust and heat of battle в разгара на боя 7. in the dust мъртъв 8. sl. пари 9. to be dust and ashes to someone прен. мъртъв съм за някого 10. to bite/lick the dust падам убит/ранен (на бойното поле) 11. to kick up/raise a dust правя сцена/скандал, дигам гюрултия 12. to lick the dust унижавам се 13. to shake the dust off/from one's feet отърсвам праха от нозете си, прен. отивам си възмутен 14. to throw dust in someone's eyes прен. хвърлям прах в очите на някого 15. бот. прашец 16. бърша/избърсвам/изтупвам праха от 17. къпя се в праха (за птичка) 18. напрашвам, посипвам с прах 19. поет. прах, тленни останки, смърт, гроб 20. прах, пясък (от минерали, злато и пр.) 21. пръскам (растение с химикали), напудрям (се) 22. разг. бъркотия, шум (отевица) 23. смет, боклук
* * *

dust[dʌst] I. n 1. прах; to bite the \dust разг. преставам да съществувам, загивам, умирам, "гушвам букета"; to lick ( kick) the \dust унижавам се; in the \dust унижен; to eat \dust понасям (претърпявам) наказание; to give the \dust to изпреварвам; to take ( eat) s.o.'s \dust оставям се да ме надминат (изпреварят), оставам на опашката; to throw \dust in s.o.'s eyes прен. хвърлям прах в очите на някого; to shake the \dust off o.'s feet отивам си възмутен; the \dust settles ( clears) нещата се уталожват, ситуацията се избистря; not to see (s.o.) for \dust разг. (някой) духва, изпарява се, изчезва; 2. смет, прах; 3. бот. прашец; 4. поет. прах, тленни останки; смърт, гроб; to be buried with the \dust of o.'s ancestors погребан съм при прадедите си; honoured \dust тленни останки; in the \dust умрял, мъртъв; to be \dust and ashes прен. мъртъв съм за някого; to turn to \dust and ashes разбивам на пух и прах (надежди и пр.); 5. прах, пясък (от минерали, злато и пр.); gold \dust златен прах; ам. sl пари; 6. разг. бъркотия, шум, шумотевица, гюрултия; to kick up ( raise) a \dust правя сцена (скандал), вдигам гюрултия; in the \dust and heat of battle в разгара на боя; II. v 1. поръсвам, наръсвам (със захар и пр.); 2. напрашвам, посипвам с прах; 3. бърша (избърсвам, обърсвам, тупам, изтупвам праха (от)); to \dust a room избърсвам праха в стая; • to \dust s.o.'s jacket ( coat) for him натупвам (напердашвам) някого; отупвам му праха; 4. къпя се в прахта (за птичка); 5. отстъпвам; измъквам се.

English-Bulgarian dictionary > dust
8 time

time [taɪm]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

2. transitive verb

3. compounds

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

   a. temps m

• time and space le temps et l'espace

• in time avec le temps

• we've got plenty of time nous avons tout notre temps

• have you got time to wait for me? est-ce que tu as le temps de m'attendre ?

• we mustn't lose any time il ne faut pas perdre de temps

• it works okay some of the time ça marche parfois

• half the time she's drunk (inf) la moitié du temps elle est ivre

• at this point in time à l'heure qu'il est

• free time temps libre

• he was working against time to finish it il travaillait d'arrache-pied pour terminer à temps

• it is only a matter of time ce n'est qu'une question de temps

• time will tell l'avenir le dira

• for all time pour toujours

• for the time being pour l'instant

• to make time to do sth trouver le temps de faire qch

• you must make time to relax il est important que vous trouviez le temps de vous détendre

► all the time ( = always) tout le temps ; ( = all along) depuis le début

• I have to be on my guard all the time je dois tout le temps être sur mes gardes

• the letter was in my pocket all the time la lettre était dans ma poche depuis le début► in good time ( = with time to spare) en avance

• he arrived in good time for the start of the match il est arrivé en avance pour le début du match

• let me know in good time prévenez-moi suffisamment à l'avance► to take + time

• it takes time to change people's ideas ça prend du temps de faire évoluer les mentalités

• it took me a lot of time to prepare this j'ai mis beaucoup de temps à préparer ça

• take your time prenez votre temps

• to take time out to do sth trouver le temps de faire qch ; (during studies) interrompre ses études pour faire qch► to have time for

• I've no time for that sort of thing ( = too busy) je n'ai pas de temps pour ça ; ( = not interested) ce genre d'histoire ne m'intéresse pas

• I've no time for people like him je ne supporte pas les gens comme lui

   b. ( = period) for a time pendant un certain temps

• what a long time you've been! il vous en a fallu du temps !

• he is coming in two weeks' time il vient dans deux semaines

• the winner's time was 12 seconds le temps du gagnant était de 12 secondes

• in next to no time en un rien de temps

► a short time peu de temps

• a short time later peu après

• for a short time we thought that... pendant un moment nous avons pensé que...► some time

• I waited for some time j'ai attendu assez longtemps

• some time ago il y a déjà un certain temps

• that was some time ago ça fait longtemps de cela

• some time next year dans le courant de l'année prochaine

   c. ( = period worked) to work full time travailler à plein temps

• we get paid time and a half on Saturdays le samedi, nous sommes payés une fois et demie le tarif normal

   d. ( = day) temps m

• in Gladstone's time du temps de Gladstone

• to move with the times [person] vivre avec son temps ; [company, institution] (savoir) évoluer

• to be behind the times être vieux jeu (inf) inv

• I've seen some strange things in my time j'ai vu des choses étranges dans ma vie

• in medieval times à l'époque médiévale

• it was a difficult time for all of us cela a été une période difficile pour nous tous

   e. ( = experience) to have a bad time of it en voir de dures (inf)

• what great times we've had! c'était le bon temps !

• to have a good time bien s'amuser

• to have the time of one's life s'amuser follement (inf)

   f. (by clock) heure f

• what time is it? quelle heure est-il ?

• what time is he arriving? à quelle heure est-ce qu'il arrive ?

• the time is 4.30 il est 4 heures et demie

• your time is up (in exam, prison visit) c'est l'heure ; (in game) votre temps est écoulé

• he looked at the time il a regardé l'heure

• at any time of the day or night à n'importe quelle heure du jour ou de la nuit

• at any time during school hours pendant les heures d'ouverture de l'école

• it's midnight by Eastern time (US) il est minuit, heure de la côte est

• it's time for lunch c'est l'heure du déjeuner

• it's time to go il faut qu'on y aille

• it's time I was going il est temps que j'y aille

► preposition + time

• ahead of time en avance

• behind time en retard

• just in time (for sth/to do sth) juste à temps (pour qch/pour faire qch)

• on time à l'heure

• the trains are on time les trains sont à l'heure

   g. ( = moment) moment m

• there are times when I could hit him il y a des moments où je pourrais le gifler

• come any time venez quand vous voulez

• he may come at any time il peut arriver d'un moment à l'autre

• at that time à ce moment-là

• at this time en ce moment

• at times par moments

• at all times à tous moments

• he came at a very inconvenient time il est arrivé à un très mauvais moment

• between times entre-temps

• by the time I had finished, it was dark le temps que je termine, il faisait nuit

• by that time she was exhausted elle était déjà épuisée

• from time to time de temps en temps

• some times... at other times des fois... des fois

• at this time of year à cette époque de l'année

• this time tomorrow demain à cette heure-ci

• this time last year l'année dernière à cette époque-ci

• this time last week il y a exactement une semaine

• now's the time to do it c'est le moment de le faire

• the time has come to decide... il est temps de décider...

   h. ( = occasion) fois f

• this time cette fois

• at various times in the past plusieurs fois déjà

• at other times en d'autres occasions

• (the) last time la dernière fois

• the time before la fois d'avant

• the times I've told him that! je le lui ai dit je ne sais combien de fois !

• some time or other I'll do it je le ferai un jour ou l'autre

• one at a time un (e) par un(e)(e)

• for weeks at a time pendant des semaines entières

   i. (multiplying) fois f

• two times three deux fois trois

• ten times the size of... dix fois plus grand que...

   j. (Music) mesure f

• in time en mesure (to, with avec)

• to keep time rester en mesure

2. transitive verb

   a. ( = choose time of) [+ visit] choisir le moment de

• you timed that perfectly! vous ne pouviez pas mieux choisir votre moment !

• well-timed [remark, entrance] tout à fait opportun

   b. ( = count time of) [+ race, runner, worker] chronométrer ; [+ programme, piece of work] minuter

• to time an egg minuter la cuisson d'un œuf

3. compounds

► time bomb noun bombe f à retardement

► time check noun rappel m de l'heure

► time-consuming adjective

• a time-consuming task un travail qui prend du temps

• it's very time-consuming ça prend beaucoup de temps ► time difference noun décalage m horaire

► time frame noun délais mpl

► time-honoured adjective

• a time-honoured tradition une tradition ancienne or vénérable ► time-lag noun (between events) décalage m

► time limit noun ( = restricted period) limite f de temps ; ( = deadline) date f limite

• within the time limit dans les délais (impartis) ► time-limited adjective temporaire

► time machine noun machine f à remonter le temps

► time off noun

• to take time off from work prendre un congé ► time-share transitive verb (Computing) utiliser en temps partagé noun maison f (or appartement m ) en multipropriété

► time signal noun signal m horaire

► time signature noun indication f de la mesure

► time span noun période f de temps

► time switch noun [of electrical apparatus] minuteur m ; (for lighting) minuterie f

► time trial noun (Motor racing, cycling) contre-la-montre m inv

► time warp noun faille f spatiotemporelle

• it's like living in a time warp c'est comme si on était transporté dans une autre époque ► time zone noun fuseau m horaire

* * *
[taɪm] 1.
noun

1) ( continuum) temps m

in ou with time —

in the course of time — avec le temps

as time goes/went by — avec le temps

at this point in time — à l'heure qu'il est

for all time — à jamais

2) ( specific duration) temps m

flight/journey time — durée f du vol/voyage

I was waiting for you here all the time — je t'attendais ici et je n'ai pas bougé

she was lying all the time — elle mentait depuis le début

you've got all the time in the world —

you've got plenty of time — tu as tout ton temps

it'll be a long time before I go back there! — je n'y retournerai pas de sitôt!

you took a long time! —

what a (long) time you've been! — tu en a mis du temps!

we had to wait for a long time — nous avons dû attendre longtemps

a long time ago — il y a longtemps

we haven't heard from her for some time — ça fait un moment qu'on n'a pas eu de ses nouvelles

in no time at all —

in next to no time — en moins de deux

in five days'/weeks' time — dans cinq jours/semaines

within the agreed time — dans les délais convenus

in your own time — ( at your own pace) à ton rythme; ( outside working hours) en dehors des heures de travail

on company time — pendant les heures de bureau

my time is my own — je suis maître de mon temps

3) (hour of the day, night) heure f

what time is it? —

what's the time? — quelle heure est-il?

the time is 11 o'clock — il est 11 heures

10 am French time — 10 heures, heure française

this time last week/year — il y a exactement huit jours/un an

by this time next year — d'ici un an

on time — à l'heure

the train times — les horaires mpl des trains

it's time for bed — c'est l'heure d'aller au lit

it's time we started — il est temps de commencer

to lose time — [clock] retarder

that clock keeps good time — cette horloge est toujours à l'heure

about time too! — ce n'est pas trop tôt!

not before time! — il était (or il est) grand temps!

to arrive in good time — arriver en avance

in time for Christmas — à temps pour Noël

to be behind time — avoir du retard

twenty minutes ahead of time — vingt minutes avant l'heure prévue

4) (era, epoch) époque f

in Dickens' times — du temps de Dickens

at the time — à l'époque

time was ou there was a time when one could... — à une certaine époque on pouvait...

to be behind the times — être en retard sur son époque

to keep up ou move with the times — être à la page

in times past —

in former times — autrefois

it's just like old times — c'est comme au bon vieux temps

peace in our time — la paix de notre vivant

at my time of life — à mon âge

she was a beautiful woman in her time — c'était une très belle femme dans son temps

it was before my time — ( before my birth) je n'étais pas encore né; ( before I came here) je n'étais pas encore ici

if I had my time over again — si je pouvais recommencer ma vie

to die before one's time — mourir prématurément

5) ( moment) moment m

at times — par moments

at the right time — au bon moment

this is no time for jokes — ce n'est pas le moment de plaisanter

at all times — à tout moment

any time now — d'un moment à l'autre

the time has come for action — l'heure est venue d'agir

by the time I finished the letter the post had gone — le temps de finir ma lettre et le courrier était parti

by the time she had got downstairs he had gone — avant qu'elle n'arrive en bas il était déjà parti

by this time most of them were dead — la plupart d'entre eux étaient déjà morts

some time this week — dans la semaine

some time next month — dans le courant du mois prochain

for the time being — pour l'instant

from that ou this time on — à partir de ce moment

when the time comes — le moment venu

in times of crisis — dans les périodes de crise

until such time as — jusqu'à ce que

I can't be in two places at the same time — je ne peux pas être partout à la fois

6) ( occasion) fois f

nine times out of ten — neuf fois sur dix

three times a month — trois fois par mois

time after time —

time and time again — maintes fois

three at a time — trois à la fois

she passed her driving test first time round — elle a eu son permis du premier coup

from time to time — de temps en temps

for months at a time — pendant des mois entiers

(in) between times — entre-temps

7) ( experience)

to have a tough ou hard time doing — avoir du mal à faire

he's having a rough ou hard ou tough time — il traverse une période difficile

we had a good time — on s'est bien amusé

to have an easy time (of it) — se la couler douce (colloq)

the good/bad times — les moments heureux/difficiles

she enjoyed her time in Canada — elle a beaucoup aimé son séjour au Canada

8) Administration ( hourly rate)

to work/be paid time — travailler/être payé à l'heure

to be paid time and a half — être payé une fois et demie le tarif normal

9) Music mesure f

to beat ou mark time — battre la mesure

in waltz time — sur un rythme de valse

10) Sport temps m

a fast time — un bon temps

to keep time — chronométrer

11) Mathematics, fig

three times four — trois fois quatre

ten times longer/stronger — dix fois plus long/plus fort

eight times as much — huit fois autant
2.
transitive verb

1) ( schedule) gen prévoir; fixer [appointment, meeting]

we time our trips to fit in with school holidays — nous faisons coïncider nos voyages avec les vacances scolaires

to be well-/badly-timed — être opportun/inopportun

the announcement was perfectly timed — la déclaration est tombée à point nommé

2) ( judge) calculer [blow, shot]

to time a joke — choisir le moment pour faire une plaisanterie

3) (measure speed, duration) chronométrer [athlete, cyclist]; mesurer la durée de [journey, speech]
3.
reflexive verb

to time oneself — se chronométrer

••

from time out of mind — depuis la nuit des temps

there is a time and place for everything — il y a un temps pour tout

there's always a first time — il y a un début à tout

he'll tell you in his own good time — il te le dira quand il en aura envie

all in good time — chaque chose en son temps

only time will tell — l'avenir nous le dira

to pass the time of day with somebody — échanger quelques mots avec quelqu'un

to have time on one's hands — ( for brief period) avoir du temps devant soi; ( longer) avoir beaucoup de temps libre

to have a lot of time for somebody — apprécier beaucoup quelqu'un

I've got no time for that sort of attitude — je ne supporte pas ce genre d'attitude

to do time — (colloq) ( prison) faire de la taule (colloq)

give me Lauren Bacall every time! — rien ne vaut Lauren Bacall!

long time no see! — (colloq) ça fait un bail (colloq) (qu'on ne s'est pas vu)!

English-French dictionary > time
9 Bell, Revd Patrick

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

[br]

b. 1799 Auchterhouse, Scotland

d. 22 April 1869 Carmyllie, Scotland

[br]

Scottish inventor of the first successful reaping machine.

[br]

The son of a Forfarshire tenant farmer, Patrick Bell obtained an MA from the University of St Andrews. His early association with farming kindled an interest in engineering and mechanics and he was to maintain a workshop not only on his father's farm, but also, in later life, at the parsonage at Carmyllie.

He was still studying divinity when he invented his reaping machine. Using garden shears as the basis of his design, he built a model in 1827 and a full-scale prototype the following year. Not wishing the machine to be seen during his early experiments, he and his brother planted a sheaf of oats in soil laid out in a shed, and first tried the machine on this. It cut well enough but left the straw in a mess behind it. A canvas belt system was devised and another secret trial in the barn was followed by a night excursion into a field, where corn was successfully harvested.

Two machines were at work during 1828, apparently achieving a harvest rate of one acre per hour. In 1832 there were ten machines at work, and at least another four had been sent to the United States by this time. Despite their success Bell did not patent his design, feeling that the idea should be given free to the world. In later years he was to regret the decision, feeling that the many badly-made imitations resulted in its poor reputation and prevented its adoption.

Bell's calling took precedence over his inventive interests and after qualifying he went to Canada in 1833, spending four years in Fergus, Ontario. He later returned to Scotland and be-came the minister at Carmyllie, with a living of £150 per annum.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Late in the day he was honoured for his part in the development of the reaping machine. He received an honorary degree from the University of St Andrews and in 1868 a testimonial and £1,000 raised by public subscription by the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland.

Bibliography

1854, Journal of Agriculture (perhaps stung by other claims, Bell wrote his own account).

Further Reading

G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of the development of harvesting machinery).

L.J.Jones, 1979, History of Technology, pp. 101–48 (gives a critical assessment of the various claims regarding the originality of the invention).

J.Hendrick, 1928, Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, pp.

51–69 (provides a celebration of Bell's achievement on its centenary).

AP

Biographical history of technology > Bell, Revd Patrick
10 who

hu: мест.
1) вопрос. кто? Who is there? ≈ Кто там? Whom did you see? ≈ Кого вы видели? Whom (или разг. who) do you mean? ≈ Кого вы имеете в виду? Who did you give it to? ≈ Кому вы это дали?
2) относ. который, кто
3) соед. который, кто Do you know who has come? ≈ Знаете ли вы, кто пришел?
4) соед. тот, кто;
те, кто ∙ Who's Who Who was Who употр. с гл. в ед. и мн. ч.: в прямых вопросах кто? - * is speaking? кто говорит? - whom did you see? кого вы видели? - of whom are you speaking? о ком вы говорите? - whom do you want? кого вам нужно? - * of us can still remember his name? кто из нас еще помнит его имя? - * are ready to follow me? кто готов следовать за мной? употр. с гл. в ед. и мн. ч.: (эмоционально-усилительно) кто (такой) ? - * is he to be so honoured? кто он такой, что ему оказывают такую честь? употр. с гл. в ед. и мн. ч. (вм. whom): - * do you want? (разговорное) кого вам нужно?, кого вы ищете? - * were you talking to? (разговорное) с кем вы разговаривали? (риторически) кто (тж. в сочетании с would) - * stands if freedom fall? кто выстоит, если падет свобода? - * among you but would have done the same? кто (из вас) сделал бы то же /поступил бы так же/? немногие( из вас) смогли бы сделать то же /поступить так же/ вм. нерасслышанного или непонятого имени человека Mr. * did you say? как, вы сказали, его фамилия? в косвенных вопросах и придаточных предложениях: кто - did he know * I was? он знал, кто я ? - ask him * found this спросите его, кто нашел это? в эмоц.-усил. знач.: - * do you think you are? что, по-вашему, вы из себя представляете? что вы о себе думаете? (вм. whom): - I know * he is thinking of (разговорное) я знаю, о ком он думает который, которая, которые, кто ( обыкн. следует непосредственно за определяемым словом) - the man * was here is an artist человек, который был здесь, - художник - he does not know the people * live next door он не знает тех людей, которые живут рядом (с ним) - those * do not know it те, кто этого не знает - there's somebody * wants you on the telephone( разговорное) вас кто-то просит к телефону он, она, тот, та - there witnesses were called, * declared... были вызваны три свидетеля, которые /они/ показали... - he struck his opponent, * promptly returned the blow он ударил противника и тот быстро ответил на удар тот кто, всякий кто (определяемое слово подразумевается) - deny it * may пусть тот, кто может, опровергнет это - * eats must pay тот /всякий/ кто ест, должен платить - whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad тех, кого боги хотят погубить, они сначала лишают разума > * on earth is it? и кто бы это мог быть? > * the devil told you that кто, черт побери, сказал тебе это? > his friend is nobody knows * его друг неизвестно кто who pron (косв. п. whom) conj. который, кто;
do you know who has come? знаете ли вы, кто пришел?;
to know who is who знать, что каждый собой представляет who pron (косв. п. whom) conj. который, кто;
do you know who has come? знаете ли вы, кто пришел?;
to know who is who знать, что каждый собой представляет ~ pron (косв. п. whom) rel. который, кто;
the man whom you saw... человек, которого вы видели... whom (или разг. ~) do you mean? кого вы имеете в виду?;
who did you give it to? кому вы это дали? ~ pron (косв. п. whom) inter. кто?;
who is there? кто там?;
whom did you see? кого вы видели? Who'S Who биографический справочник современников;
Who was Who биографический справочник умерших Who'S Who биографический справочник современников;
Who was Who биографический справочник умерших ~ pron (косв. п. whom) inter. кто?;
who is there? кто там?;
whom did you see? кого вы видели? whom (или разг. ~) do you mean? кого вы имеете в виду?;
who did you give it to? кому вы это дали? WHO: World Health Organization Всемирная организация здравоохранения, ВОЗ

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > who
11 who

[hu:] pron (whom) употр. с гл. в ед. и мн. ч.
А inter

1. в прямых вопросах

1) кто?

who is speaking? - кто говорит?

whom did you see? - кого вы видели?

of whom are you speaking? - о ком вы говорите?

whom do you want? - кого вам нужно?

who of us can still remember his name? - кто из нас ещё помнит его имя?

who are ready to follow me? - кто готов следовать за мной?

2) эмоц.-усил. кто (такой)

who is he to be so honoured? - кто он такой, что ему оказывают такую честь?

3) (вм. whom) разг.:

who do you want? - кого вам нужно?, кого вы ищете?

who were you talking to? - с кем вы разговаривали?

2. ритор. кто (тж. в сочетании с would)

who stands if freedom fall? - кто выстоит, если падёт свобода?

who among you but would have done the same? - кто (из вас) сделал бы то же /поступил бы так же/? немногие (из вас) смогли бы сделать то же /поступить так же/

3. вм. нерасслышанного или непонятого имени человека:

Mr. who did you say? - как, вы сказали, его фамилия?

Б conj

в косвенных вопросах и придаточных предложениях

1) кто

did he know who I was? - он знал, кто я?

ask him who found this - спросите его, кто нашёл это

2) эмоц.-усил.:

who do you think you are? - что, по-вашему, вы из себя представляете?; что вы о себе думаете?

3) (вм. whom) разг.:

I know who he is thinking of - я знаю, о ком он думает

В rel

1) который, которая, которые, кто (обыкн. следует непосредственно за определяемым словом)

the man who was here is an artist - человек, который был здесь, - художник

he does not know the people who live next door - он не знает (тех) людей, которые живут рядом (с ним)

those who do not know it - те, кто этого не знает

there's somebody who wants you on the telephone - разг. вас кто-то просит к телефону

2) он, она; тот, та

there witnesses were called, who declared... - были вызваны три свидетеля, которые /они/ показали...

he struck his opponent, who promptly returned the blow - он ударил противника, и тот быстро ответил на удар

3) тот кто, всякий кто ( определяемое слово подразумевается)

deny it who may - пусть тот, кто может, опровергнет это

who eats must pay - тот /всякий/, кто ест, должен платить

whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad - тех, кого боги хотят погубить, они сначала лишают разума

♢

who on earth is it? - и кто бы это мог быть?

who the devil told you that - кто, чёрт побери, сказал тебе это?

his friend is nobody knows who - его друг неизвестно кто

НБАРС > who
12 who

1. pron interrog., rel. (непрямий відмінок whom)

1) хто; той, що; який, котрий

who told you that? — хто вам це сказав?

who is there? — хто там?

the person who told me this — людина, яка мені це сказала

2) (замість whom) розм.

who do you want? — кого вам треба?

3) замість недочутого імені

Mr. who did you say? — як, ви сказали, його прізвище?

Who is Who — «Хто є хто» (назва біографічного довідника)

he knows who is who — він знає всіх; він знає становище кожного

who's who ballot — амер. виборчий бюлетень з короткими біографічними відомостями про кандидатів

who on earth is it? — і хто б це міг бути?

who the devil told you that? — хто, чорт його бери, сказав вам це?

as who should say... — якщо можна так сказати...

2. conj

у непрямих запитаннях і підрядних реченнях хто

did he know who I was? — чи він знав, хто я?

ask him who found this book — запитайте його, хто знайшов цю книжку

* * *
[huː]
pron (whom) використ. з дiєcл. в од. та мн. А inter

1) в прямих питаннях хтоє

who is speaking — є хто говоритьє

who of us can still remember his name — є хто з нас ще пам'ятає його ім'яє

who are ready to follow me — є хто готовий слідувати за мноює; емоц.- підсил. хто ( такий)

who is he to be so honoured — є хто він такий, що його так вшановуютьє; (cл. whom) who do you want є хто вам потрібенє, кого ви шукаєтеє

who were you talking to — є з ким ви розмовляєтеє

2) ритор. хто ( в сполученні з would)

who stands if freedom fall — є хто вистоїть, якщо впаде свободає

who among you but would have done the same — є хто ( з вас) зробив би те саме /вчинив би так само/є

3) зам. недочутого або незрозумілого імені людини Mr

who did you say — є як, ви сказали, його прізвищеє Б в непрямих питаннях та підрядних реченнях хто

did he know who I was — є він знає, хто яє

ask him who found this — спитайте його, хто знайшов цеє емоц.- підсил. who do you think you are є що, по-вашому, ви собою уявляєтеє; що ви собі думаєтеє; (див. whom) I know who he is thinking of я знаю, про кого він думає В rel який, яка, які, хто ( йде безпосередньо за певним словом)

the man who was here is an artist — чоловік, який тут був, - художник

those who do not know it — ті, хто цього не знає

there's somebody who wants you on the telephone — вас хтось просить до телефону; він, вона; той, та

there witnesses were called, who declared... — були викликані три свідки, які /вони/ заявили...

he struck his opponent, who promptly returned the blow — він вдарив супротивника, той швидко відповів ударом; той хто, кожен хто (слово, яке визначається, мається на увазі)

deny it who may — нехай той, хто може, це заперечить

who eats must pay — той /кожен/, хто їсть, повинен платити

who on earth is it — є хто б це міг бутиє

who the devil told you that — хто, в біса, сказав тобі цеє

English-Ukrainian dictionary > who
13 who

[huː]
pron (whom) використ. з дiєcл. в од. та мн. А inter

1) в прямих питаннях хтоє

who is speaking — є хто говоритьє

who of us can still remember his name — є хто з нас ще пам'ятає його ім'яє

who are ready to follow me — є хто готовий слідувати за мноює; емоц.- підсил. хто ( такий)

who is he to be so honoured — є хто він такий, що його так вшановуютьє; (cл. whom) who do you want є хто вам потрібенє, кого ви шукаєтеє

who were you talking to — є з ким ви розмовляєтеє

2) ритор. хто ( в сполученні з would)

who stands if freedom fall — є хто вистоїть, якщо впаде свободає

who among you but would have done the same — є хто ( з вас) зробив би те саме /вчинив би так само/є

3) зам. недочутого або незрозумілого імені людини Mr

who did you say — є як, ви сказали, його прізвищеє Б в непрямих питаннях та підрядних реченнях хто

did he know who I was — є він знає, хто яє

ask him who found this — спитайте його, хто знайшов цеє емоц.- підсил. who do you think you are є що, по-вашому, ви собою уявляєтеє; що ви собі думаєтеє; (див. whom) I know who he is thinking of я знаю, про кого він думає В rel який, яка, які, хто ( йде безпосередньо за певним словом)

the man who was here is an artist — чоловік, який тут був, - художник

those who do not know it — ті, хто цього не знає

there's somebody who wants you on the telephone — вас хтось просить до телефону; він, вона; той, та

there witnesses were called, who declared... — були викликані три свідки, які /вони/ заявили...

he struck his opponent, who promptly returned the blow — він вдарив супротивника, той швидко відповів ударом; той хто, кожен хто (слово, яке визначається, мається на увазі)

deny it who may — нехай той, хто може, це заперечить

who eats must pay — той /кожен/, хто їсть, повинен платити

who on earth is it — є хто б це міг бутиє

who the devil told you that — хто, в біса, сказав тобі цеє

English-Ukrainian dictionary > who
14 toast

I [təʊst]
nome (grilled bread) pane m. tostato

a piece o slice of toast — una fetta di pane tostato

••

to be as warm as toast — [ person] essere o stare bello caldo; [bed, room] essere ben caldo
II [təʊst]
verbo transitivo gastr. tostare, abbrustolire [bread, roll]
III [təʊst]
nome

1) (tribute) brindisi m.

to drink a toast to sb. — fare un brindisi a o per qcn

2) (popular person)

the toast of — l'idolo di [ group]

she's the toast of the town — è la più bella o la reginetta di bellezza della città
IV [təʊst]
verbo transitivo fare un brindisi per, brindare a [person, success]; bere alla salute di [ person]

* * *
I 1. [təust] verb
(to make (bread etc) brown in front of direct heat: We toasted slices of bread for tea.)
2. noun
(bread that has been toasted: He always has two pieces of toast for breakfast.)

- toasted
- toaster
- toaster oven
- toastrack II 1. [təust] verb
(to drink ceremonially in honour of, or to wish success to (someone or something): We toasted the bride and bridegroom / the new ship.)
2. noun
1) (an act of toasting: Let's drink a toast to our friends!)

2) (the wish conveyed, or the person etc honoured, by such an act.)

* * *
[təʊst]
1. n

1) (bread) pane m tostato

a piece or slice of toast — una fetta di pane tostato or abbrustolito

2) (drink, speech) brindisi m inv

to propose/drink a toast to sb — proporre (di fare)/fare un brindisi a qn

the toast of the town/nation fig — il vanto della città/nazione

2. vt

1) (bread) tostare, abbrustolire

2) (drink to) brindare a
FALSE FRIEND: toast is not translated by the Italian word toast
* * *
I [təʊst]
nome (grilled bread) pane m. tostato

a piece o slice of toast — una fetta di pane tostato

••

to be as warm as toast — [ person] essere o stare bello caldo; [bed, room] essere ben caldo
II [təʊst]
verbo transitivo gastr. tostare, abbrustolire [bread, roll]
III [təʊst]
nome

1) (tribute) brindisi m.

to drink a toast to sb. — fare un brindisi a o per qcn

2) (popular person)

the toast of — l'idolo di [ group]

she's the toast of the town — è la più bella o la reginetta di bellezza della città
IV [təʊst]
verbo transitivo fare un brindisi per, brindare a [person, success]; bere alla salute di [ person]

English-Italian dictionary > toast
15 Goddard, Dr Robert Hutchings

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 5 October 1882 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

d. 10 August 1945 Baltimore, Maryland, USA

[br]

American inventory developer of rocket propulsion.

[br]

At the age of seventeen Goddard climbed a tree and, seeing the view from above, he became determined to make some device with which to ascend towards the planets. In an autobiography, published in 1959 in the journal Astronautics, he stated, "I was a different boy when I descended the ladder. Life now had a purpose for me." His first idea was to launch a projectile by centrifugal force, but in 1909 he started to design a rocket that was to be multi-stage and fuelled by liquid oxygen and hydrogen. Not long before the First World War he produced a report, "A method of reaching extreme altitudes", which was for the Smithsonian Institution and was published in book form in 1919. During the war he worked on solid-fuelled rockets as weapons. His book contained notes on the amount of fuel required to raise 1 lb (454 g) of payload to an infinite altitude. He incurred ridicule as "the moon man" when he proposed the use of flash powder to indicate successful arrival on the moon. In 1923 he severed his connections with military work and returned to the University of Massachusetts. On 16 March 1926 he launched the world's first liquid-fuelled rocket from his aunt's farm in Auburn, Massachusetts; powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen, it flew to a height of 12 m (40 ft) and travelled 54 m (177 ft) in 2.4 seconds.

In November 1929 he met the aviator Charles Lindbergh, who persuaded both the Guggenheim Foundation and the Carnegie Institute to support Goddard's experiments financially. He moved to the more suitable location of the Mescalere Ranch, near Roswell, New Mexico, where he worked until 1941. His liquid-fuelled rockets reached speeds of 1,100 km/h (700 mph) and heights of 2,500 m (8,000ft). He investigated the use of the gyroscope to steady his rockets and the assembly of power units in clusters to increase the total thrust. In 1941 he moved to the naval establishment at Annapolis, Maryland, working on liquid-fuelled rockets to assist the take-off of aircraft from carriers. He worked for the US Government on this and the development of military rockets until his death from throat cancer in 1945. In all, he was granted 214 patents, roughly three per year of his life.

In 1960 the US Government admitted infringement of Goddard's patents during the rocket programme of the 1950s and awarded his widow a payment of $1,000,000, while the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) honoured him by naming the Goddard Spaceflight Center near Washington, DC, after him. The Goddard Memorial Library at Clark University, in his home town of Worcester, Massachusetts, was also named in his honour.

[br]

Further Reading

A.Osman, 1983, Space History, London: Michael Joseph. P.Marsh, 1985, The Space Business, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

K.C.Parley, 1991, Robert H.Goddard, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press. T.Streissguth, 1994, Rocket Man: The Story of Robert Goddard, Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Goddard, Dr Robert Hutchings
16 Land, Edwin Herbert

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 7 May 1909 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA

d. 1 March 1991 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

[br]

American scientist and inventor of the Polaroid instant-picture process.

[br]

Edwin Land's career began when, as a Harvard undergraduate in the late 1920s, he became interested in the possibility of developing a polarizing filter in the form of a thin sheet, to replace the crystal and stacked-glass devices then in use, which were expensive, cumbersome and limited in size. He succeeded in creating a material in which minute anisotropic iodine crystals were oriented in line, producing an efficient polarizer that was patented in 1929. After presenting the result of his researches in a Physics Department colloquium at Harvard, he left to form a partnership with George Wheelwright to manufacture the new material, which was seen to have applications as diverse as anti-glare car headlights, sunglasses, and viewing filters for stereoscopic photographs and films. In 1937 he founded the Polaroid Corporation and developed the Vectograph process, in which self-polarized photographic images could be printed, giving a stereoscopic image when viewed through polarizing viewers. Land's most significant invention, the instant picture, was stimulated by his three-year-old daughter. As he took a snapshot of her, she asked why she could not see the picture at once. He began to research the possibility, and on 21 February 1947 he demonstrated a system of one-step photography at a meeting of the Optical Society of America. Using the principle of diffusion transfer of the image, it produced a photograph in one minute. The Polaroid Land camera was launched on 26 November 1948. The original sepia-coloured images were soon replaced by black and white and, in 1963, by Polacolor instant colour film. The original peel-apart "wet" process was superseded in 1972 with the introduction of the SX-70 camera with dry picture units which developed in the light. The instant colour movie system Polavision, introduced in 1978, was less successful and was one of his few commercial failures.

Land died in March 1991, after a career in which he had been honoured by countless scien-tific and academic bodies and had received the Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in America.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Medal of Freedom.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Land, Edwin Herbert
17 Senefelder, Alois

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

b. 6 November 1771 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)

d. 26 February 1834 Munich, Germany

[br]

German inventor of lithography.

[br]

Soon after his birth, Senefelder's family moved to Mannheim, where his father, an actor, had obtained a position in the state theatre. He was educated there, until he gained a scholarship to the university of Ingolstadt. The young Senefelder wanted to follow his father on to the stage, but the latter insisted that he study law. He nevertheless found time to write short pieces for the theatre. One of these, when he was 18 years old, was an encouraging success. When his father died in 1791, he gave up his studies and took to a new life as poet and actor. However, the wandering life of a repertory actor palled after two years and he settled for the more comfortable pursuit of playwriting. He had some of his work printed, which acquainted him with the art of printing, but he fell out with his bookseller. He therefore resolved to carry out his own printing, but he could not afford the equipment of a conventional letterpress printer. He began to explore other ways of printing and so set out on the path that was to lead to an entirely new method.

He tried writing in reverse on a copper plate with some acid-resisting material and etching the plate, to leave a relief image that could then be inked and printed. He knew that oily substances would resist acid, but it required many experiments to arrive at a composition of wax, soap and charcoal dust dissolved in rainwater. The plates wore down with repeated polishing, so he substituted stone plates. He continued to etch them and managed to make good prints with them, but he went on to make the surprising discovery that etching was unnecessary. If the image to be printed was made with the oily composition and the stone moistened, he found that only the oily image received the ink while the moistened part rejected it. The printing surface was neither raised (as in letterpress printing) nor incised (as in intaglio printing): Senefelder had discovered the third method of printing.

He arrived at a workable process over the years 1796 to 1799, and in 1800 he was granted an English patent. In the same year, lithography (or "writing on stone") was introduced into France and Senefelder himself took it to England, but it was some time before it became widespread; it was taken up by artists especially for high-quality printing of art works. Meanwhile, Senefelder improved his techniques, finding that other materials, even paper, could be used in place of stone. In fact, zinc plates were widely used from the 1820s, but the name "lithography" stuck. Although he won world renown and was honoured by most of the crowned heads of Europe, he never became rich because he dissipated his profits through restless experimenting.

With the later application of the offset principle, initiated by Barclay, lithography has become the most widely used method of printing.

[br]

Bibliography

1911, Alois Senefelder, Inventor of Lithography, trans. J.W.Muller, New York: Fuchs \& Line (Senefelder's autobiography).

Further Reading

W.Weber, 1981, Alois Senefelder, Erfinder der Lithographie, Frankfurt-am-Main: Polygraph Verlag.

M.Tyman, 1970, Lithography 1800–1950, London: Oxford University Press (describes the invention and its development; with biographical details).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Senefelder, Alois
18 Smith, Sir Francis Pettit

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 9 February 1808 Copperhurst Farm, near Hythe, Kent, England

d. 12 February 1874 South Kensington, London, England

[br]

English inventor of the screw propeller.

[br]

Smith was the only son of Charles Smith, Postmaster at Hythe, and his wife Sarah (née Pettit). After education at a private school in Ashford, Kent, he took to farming, first on Romney Marsh, then at Hendon, Middlesex. As a boy, he showed much skill in the construction of model boats, especially in devising their means of propulsion. He maintained this interest into adult life and in 1835 he made a model propelled by a screw driven by a spring. This worked so well that he became convinced that the screw propeller offered a better method of propulsion than the paddle wheels that were then in general use. This notion so fired his enthusiasm that he virtually gave up farming to devote himself to perfecting his invention. The following year he produced a better model, which he successfully demonstrated to friends on his farm at Hendon and afterwards to the public at the Adelaide Gallery in London. On 31 May 1836 Smith was granted a patent for the propulsion of vessels by means of a screw.

The idea of screw propulsion was not new, however, for it had been mooted as early as the seventeenth century and since then several proposals had been advanced, but without successful practical application. Indeed, simultaneously but quite independently of Smith, the Swedish engineer John Ericsson had invented the ship's propeller and obtained a patent on 13 July 1836, just weeks after Smith. But Smith was completely unaware of this and pursued his own device in the belief that he was the sole inventor.

With some financial and technical backing, Smith was able to construct a 10 ton boat driven by a screw and powered by a steam engine of about 6 hp (4.5 kW). After showing it off to the public, Smith tried it out at sea, from Ramsgate round to Dover and Hythe, returning in stormy weather. The screw performed well in both calm and rough water. The engineering world seemed opposed to the new method of propulsion, but the Admiralty gave cautious encouragement in 1839 by ordering that the 237 ton Archimedes be equipped with a screw. It showed itself superior to the Vulcan, one of the fastest paddle-driven ships in the Navy. The ship was put through its paces in several ports, including Bristol, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel was constructing his Great Britain, the first large iron ocean-going vessel. Brunel was so impressed that he adapted his ship for screw propulsion.

Meanwhile, in spite of favourable reports, the Admiralty were dragging their feet and ordered further trials, fitting Smith's four-bladed propeller to the Rattler, then under construction and completed in 1844. The trials were a complete success and propelled their lordships of the Admiralty to a decision to equip twenty ships with screw propulsion, under Smith's supervision.

At last the superiority of screw propulsion was generally accepted and virtually universally adopted. Yet Smith gained little financial reward for his invention and in 1850 he retired to Guernsey to resume his farming life. In 1860 financial pressures compelled him to accept the position of Curator of Patent Models at the Patent Museum in South Kensington, London, a post he held until his death. Belated recognition by the Government, then headed by Lord Palmerston, came in 1855 with the grant of an annual pension of £200. Two years later Smith received unofficial recognition when he was presented with a national testimonial, consisting of a service of plate and nearly £3,000 in cash subscribed largely by the shipbuilding and engineering community. Finally, in 1871 Smith was honoured with a knighthood.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1871.

Further Reading

Obituary, 1874, Illustrated London News (7 February).

1856, On the Invention and Progress of the Screw Propeller, London (provides biographical details).

Smith and his invention are referred to in papers in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 14 (1934): 9; 19 (1939): 145–8, 155–7, 161–4, 237–9.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Smith, Sir Francis Pettit

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